Chavez V. Romulo Case Digest Essay Example for Free

Chavez V. Romulo Case Digest EssayFACTSThis case is about the ban on the carrying of firearms outside of residence in order to deter the rising crime rates. Petitioner questions the ban as a violation of his proper to homeISSUEWhether or not the revocation of permit to carry firearms is unconstitutional and Whether or not the right to carry firearms is a vested property rightHELDPetitioner cannot find solace to the above-quoted inherent provision.In evaluating a due process claim the first and foremost consideration must be whether life, liberty or property interest exists. The bulk of statute is that a license authorizing a person to enjoy a certain privilege is neither a property nor property right. In Tan vs. The coach of Forestry, we ruled that a license is merely a permit or privilege to do what otherwise would be unlawful, and is not a contract among the authority granting it and the person to whom it is granted neither is it property or a property right, nor does i t create a vested right. In a more emphatic pronouncement, we held in Oposa vs. Factoran, Jr. thatNeedless to say, all licenses whitethorn thus be revoked or rescinded by executive action.It is not a contract, property or a property right protected by the due process clause of the Constitution.xxx In our jurisdiction, the PNP Chief is granted broad discretion in the issuance of PTCFOR. This is seeming(a) from the tenor of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of P.D. No. 1866 which state that the Chief of Constabulary may, in meritorious cases as determined by him and under such conditions as he may impose, authorize lawful holders of firearms to carry them outside of residence.Following the American doctrine, it is indeed logical to say that a PTCFOR does not constitute a property right protected under our Constitution. Consequently, a PTCFOR, just like ordinary licenses in other regulated fields, may be revoked any time. It does not confer an lordly right, but only a personal p rivilege to be exercised under existing restrictions, and such as may thereafter be reasonably imposed.A licensee takes his license subject to such conditions as the Legislature sees fit to impose, and one of the statutory conditions of this license is that it might be revoked by the selectmen at their pleasure. Such a license is not a contract, and a revocation of it does not deprive the defendant of any property, immunity, or privilege within the meaning of these words in the Declaration of Rights. The US Supreme Court, in Doyle vs. Continental Ins. Co, held The correlative power to revoke or recall a permission is a necessary bit of the main power. A mere license by the State is always revocable.

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Example for Free

All Quiet on the Western Front EssayLost Generation ( four-year-old boys leaving aim and going to struggle for their country) (Page 85) Thats what set us apart and made our parents world a little difficult for us to understand because somehow we were unendingly gently bound up with that world, submissive to it all, and the smallest thing led us onwards along the path of eternity. Perhaps it was just the privilege of our youth we were not yet able to see any restrictions, and we could not admit to ourselves that things would ever come to an end expectation was in our blood, and this meant that we were at peerless with our lives as the days went by. (Page 85)Now we would wander around ilk strangers in those landscapes of our youth. We have been consumed in the fires of reality, we perceive differences only in the way tradesmen do, and we see necessities like butchers. We are sluttish of care no longer we are terrifying indifferent. We might be present in that world, but would we be alive in it? We are like children who have been aban mounted and we are as experienced as old men, we are coarse, unhappy and superficial I think that we are lost. (Wikipedia) Almost to a man, the young men are moved to join the army.The young enlistees are shown in basic training, aching for action fighting in the war. -Soldiers are referred to young soldiers all the time, because young men, almost boys even, are sent to war. They leave school and are sent to fight for their country. (Internet) Arriving in training camp, the young boys expect war to be a great lark * The boys were so young and unaware, they didnt know what to expect from the war, but they thought it was going to be great dramatic play and were very unaware of anything that was going to happen.They were happy to be going away, fighting for their country, they thought they were becoming men by doing this. (Internet) each young and impressionable, are recruited and prepare to fight for the glory of th e fatherland. (-George McGovern) Im fed up to the ears with old men dreaming up wars for young men to die in. Peer pressure. Some young boys dont want to go to war but because all of their friends are going they get persuaded by peer ressure and by teachers, that fighting for their country would be a great duty and if they didnt, they would be seen as a coward in their hometown. (Erich mare Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 1)Yes, thats the way they think, these hundred mebibyte Kantoreks Iron Youth Youth We are none of us more than twenty years old. But young? That is long ago. We are old folk. (Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 10)I am young, I am twenty years old yet I know nothing of sustenance but despair, death, fear, and fatuous superficiality cast over an abyss of sorrow.I see how peoples are set against one another, and in silence, unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another. (Book)When we went to the District Commandant to enlist, we were a class of twenty young men, many of whom proudly shaved for the first time before going to the barracks. We had no decided plans for our future. Our thoughts for a career and occupation were as yet of too unpractical a character to furnish any scheme of life. We were still crammed with vague ideas which gave to life, and to the war also, an ensample and almost romantic character.

Green consumer behavior and influencing factors

unitary thousand consumer behavior and influencing ciphersThis chapter literature review is presented by victimisation review of previous studies. The literature explains atomic number 19 consumption, immature consumer behavior and genes order consumer behavior. During the past decade environment become a serious issue that hint to environmental problems gull been concerned from public and the environmental aw argonness has occurred. Environmental distinguishledge from media, society, or education are boosting that lead to consumer behavior have been changed (Wagne,1997). galore(postnominal) companies consider about environmental issue force and start to take it to be part of corporate management (Reinhardt and Vietor, 1996). It reasonablenesss the demand of spirt crops is increasing. many studies represent out that parking lot consumption pattern in variable factor widely base on consumption decision that partly on the environmental attributes (Krarup and Russell, 2 005).In 1970, many companies were pressured by society and consumer therefore, environmental securities indus find outing involves offering consumer with more extend toionately acceptable carrefour(Peattie, 2002).There is evidence that in 1988 many countries in the manhood have adopted the honey oil chase after in order to support environmental behavior (Peattie, 2002). unfledged label is the label that shows the dropd environmental encounter over the ingathering life time (Rex and Baumann, 2006) and this lead to an increase of potassium consumption because green label also help approximately consumer who tidy sumnot distinguish green harvest-tide from conventional product(Morris, 1997). Sheth mentioned that in 1990 almost 10% of new product was launched in form of green or environmental friendly.Although Bleda and Valente (2009) suggested that green label discharge use for solving the environment problem, Blair (1992) claimed green product clearnot stop environment al harm. It unless squeeze out be slight harm which green product characteristics is less impact global environmental problem, design to be re-used or recycle, non-polluting, minimal packaging, local obtainable materials, no test animal. This is supported by Alwitt and Berger (1993)s reported that 70% of consumer concern about environment issue (Vantomme et al., 2004). Moreover, Tnsglobal (2007, p11) conducted survey in 12 countries around the world. It was plunge that for automobile, 53% of respondents express the environment has a substantive or large regulate on their day-to-day purchasing decisions. For food items, the figure is 49%. Household goods at 43% and past wellness beauty products at 41% come next. It can be seen that there are green consumer in all of products type. Besides, Eco-electrons (2009) reported that 81% of U.S. consumers are allow foring to pay on green product, and 79% have a compulsory carry image with green brand.2.2. Green consumerGreen consum ers is one who avoids products that are likely to endanger the health of the consumer or early(a)s cause satisfying damage to the environment during manufactory, use or disposal consumer a disproportionate amount of energy cause un needed drive out use material derived from threatened species or environment involve un requirement use of, or cruelty to animal adversely affect other countries (Elkington,1994 cited in tough, 1998) While Moisander and Peronen (2002) mentioned that green consumers are the consumer who has morally oriented doings that is strengthen from their need or other, aiming to guide better life of society. Wagner (1997) said that green behaviour cannot occur though lonesome(prenominal) ecumenical environmental concern, the actual behaviour volition be take place when specific environmental exist. In other word, green consumers who have green consciousness depart have green behaviour, while Peattie (1992) observed that green consumer in one market is not necessary to be green consumer in other. This depends on their own behaviour post toward specific products, and the linked surrounded by green instruction and product learning. Some consumer cannot severalize between green product and general one, this lead to available green information and green label that help consumer manufacture procure decision. Moreover, an increase of green information also lead to the rise of green consumer and cause many companies behave environmental performance. However, there is no study about green consumer in siamese plug intoion cosmetic market. Many explorees characterise on green consumer that they are female, high education, high income, high social sectionalisation (Peattie, 1992 Wager, 1997 Barr, 2003 Chen, 2007). There is no diaphanous of Thai green consumer demographic. This research allow investigate green consumers demographic, namely gender, age, status or income in Thai green cosmetic market in order to ascertain the exits pot ential segmentation.2.2.3 Green consumer decision processGenerally, consumer decision process consist of 5 stages ,namely, motivation, information search, evaluation of alternative, purchase choice, purchase outcomes. discretion the determinant of each stage from beginning by dint of the last stage is need in order to run the campaign or marketing meld which is suitable target consumer. Consumer can skip the stage or reverse some stage it is necessary to pay attention in all stages (Wils n, Richard and Gilligan, 2007 Kotler and Arm loaded, 2004 Ouwersloot and Duncan, 2008). Peattie (2002) explained the tonus of green consumer decision process as same as general consumer decision process however, green consumer behaviour is not simple as general consumer behaviour because green consumers tend to behave as environmental responsible that involving bargain foring or avertable consumption. Moreover, green consumer behaviour pattern are advantageously changed. It can be said that gr een consumer behaviour is the consumer behaviour that concerning about environmental issue or social criteria, and lead to the purchasing and non-purchasing decision (Peattie, 2002). They efficacy not purchase the product and do alternative centering that respond green challenge such as replace, maintain or dispose of product.Figure4. discolor the purchasing process model Source Peattie,2002,p.84First stage Recognition of a need or necessityGenerally, all needs can be explained though Maslows need hierarchy. Physiological needs or the lower need in the hierarchy aim to be satisfied eldest and the need will turn to next level such as safety needs, esteem needs and self-actualization. However, it is not necessary that the lower need is fulfilled as first, some peck tycoon want to meet the higher level need as first, for example, some people forgoing food and buy other product that meet their higher needs(Wilson, Richard and Gilligan, 2007 Fan, 2008). Peattie (2002) said that d uring 1980s green issues become momentous issue to drive certain need at each level of Maslow model. Ordinary, consumers have physiological needs as basic needs. They need food, clothes and house, however, green consumers tend to consume as small proportion in order to cut back resources. Moreover, in safety needs level, green consumers concern about safety and health. They interest about either production of packaging or product, how is come from that this founder the secured package such as tamperproof container (Mackenzie. 1990). This cause people trust more in green product because they think that green product is safety for them. Many people consume native food or natural cosmetic instead chemical ones (Peattie,2002). The is evident that demand of cosmetic in Thai market is required nature ingredient that means that product are not tested on animal, recyclable package (Falk, J ,2007 Ponbamrungwong and Chandsawang, 2009 ). Moreover, green consumers needs are regulate from r ecognition of problem that is influenced from media coverage, advertising or pressure group about environmental problem (Wilson, Richard and Gilligan, 2007). Some cosmetic guild using ablaze appeal in their advertising that represent how they help the world ( bodyshop,2010)This lead to people is looking for alternative green product and become the generic relish to buy other green product in their life.Second stage Information searchWhen consumers aware their needs. Finding information is important for them (Sheth and Mittal, 2004). There are many sources which consumer can have information either personal source from friend and family, public source from media and magazine, commercial source from staff or brochures and experimental source by trying product (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004).Regarding Green consumers, they need much more information about product that relate to environment, particularly, household product. They seek information beyond the given-information from compan y. Consumers also look for their guide, therefore many organizations and pressure group activity become important because they truly inform the information in harm of product, and suggest about situation that consumer face involves environmental issue (Peattie et al.,2002).This kind of organization such as Greenpeace, Earthwatch and PETA (people for the ethical treatment of animals). They provide the information on their website that people can easily access. This can be shown that internet source becomes the importance source for consumer. Sheth and Mittal, (2004) verbalize in cosmetic market, internet are significant source because they can compare the price and share discernment about product. Although, Grubow (2010) found that in some Asia countries such as china, consumer still seek information from cosmetic store as the first choice, they will go back to internet to find furthermore information. There is no study about significant source in cosmetic market in Thailand. The examination on this point will be occurred in order to benefit the companies that doing in this firm. ternion stage Evaluation of alternative stagesThe study of Thai consumer decision-making styles on imported cosmetic brand products by Chaisitthiroj (2007) found that Thai women have many characteristics that cause the diametric evaluation of alternative such as brand conscious characteristic, quality characteristic. Brand conscious characteristic refers to the consumer who appreciate brand as the first factor, they seem to be insensitive in price. They believe that brands represent the quality of product, and the brand that represent frequently in public can soundly influence their decision making. In cosmetic market, Green cosmetic brand might be best choice for green consumer that respond their desire and sanction them to commutation from other brand (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). Price conscious characteristic account for consumer who prefers the low price, they make buying de cision making on the product that lower price. Green consumers look for alternative product that can help environment, for example, they use bicycles instead of car in short distance. However, green consumers do not evaluate only between products or brand, they consider on the behavior of alternative purchase behaviour. Some consumer might not consume new product and repair or maintain old product instead. Borrowing is alternative way that consumers believe that after they return product to owner, it will be conserved. Buying second- hand get along becomes popular. Green consumer can fulfil their need without use more resources. Brand loyalty also can be green consumer by using fill up product rather than buy the competed package product (Peattie,2002)..Forth stage make purchase choiceEuromonitor International showed that the highest company value in Thai colour cosmetic market is Mistine Brand (This brand sell an item around 50 pence) while the body shop (green cosmetic brand) w as ranked at top 20. This can be questioned that Thai women use price factor or income factor to make purchase on cosmetic product. However, there is no study of influence factor in green cosmetic consumer. Therefore, green cosmetic market need to watch Thai green consumer buyer pattern. Peattie (2002) explained that green consumer will buy the product in where can help environmental problem or welfare of society, for example, green consumer might purchase the cosmetic that be made from the developing area that represents reinvestment and environmental protection. Moreover, green consumers purchase when product is creditable that have eco-behaviour, Those products can be shown by using green label or eco-performance. They might not purchase the unreliable product. Regarding quantity, green consumers tend to buy product at the less level in order to reduce the resources or buy refill pack of product (Peattie,1992 Peattie,2002).Fifth stage post purchase behaviour stageAfter consumer purchasing the products, companies need to know the consumer intelligence in terms of product meet their exception or not, because it can lead to a repeat purchase behaviour. The seller need to make consumer are satisfied. It is because present consumer can leads to new consumer or become loyal consumer (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004).Peattie (2002) mentioned that in this stage green consumers have take issueent behaviour from convention consumer. Therefore, marketers should understand green consumer post purchase behaviour. Peattie (2002) divided post- purchase of green consumer into 5 behaviours.Product use change. Green consumers use the same product in different ways. They might act as environmental organization guide. For example drive at 50-80 km/miles in order to reduce car emission.Reuse of product. Green consumer will reuse the part of product that serves their other needs. They might use cookie container to keep other food.Product disposal. Green consumer carefully use the product in order to though the where can be useful, some green consumer sell it as second hand products or donate them.Recycle of decompose packaging. Green consumers consider about recycle packaged. Many green consumers said that natural material of package can be the factor that influences their buying decision. dole out and maintenance. Green consumers pay more attention to use product in order to extend product life cycle. Therefore, the products that are easily maintained will be the choice for them.2.4. Factor influence consumer behaviourFigure. The framework consumer behaviour SourceLancaster,Massingham,Ashford ( 2002,p.75)2.4.1 Cultural factorsIt is difficult to deny that stopping points generate behaviour norms, and it is important to connect culture and consumer behaviour. Understating culture is needed. Brassington and Pettitt (2006, p.127) explained that culture is the personality of society within which an separate lives. It manifests itself through the built environ ment, art, language, literature, music and the products that society consumes as well as through its prevalent beliefs, value systems and government. It also includes traditions, taboos, value, and basic view of society, nationality, religious and geographic. Wilson, Richard and Gilligan (2007) mentioned that this factor is the fundamental factor influencing buyer behaviour. Kotler and Armstrong (2004) supported that different society has different culture. Asia culture varies from western culture it leads to different behaviour. This research will be conducted in Thailand where is located in Asia, hence understanding Asia culture is necessary.Buddhism has been in Thailand more than 2000 years. It can be said that Buddhism unwittingly becomes a part of Thai people life and it is a national religion of Thailand. Although these days many Thai people change their religion to other, more than 90% of Thai people still is Buddhism (Department of Religious Affairs, 2010). Buddhism teachin gs avoid persecute all animal, other people and society. They search for sedate life. This concept is similar as green consumer concern in terms of dodging of animal (and) environmental damage. However, it cannot judge that culture can motivate Thai women behave as green behaviour and buy green cosmetic. The finding of Johri and Sahasakmontri(1998) found that Thai consumer did not buy cosmetic because no tested on animal as the important factor. However, this finding is obsolete, when data was collected Thai people did not have sufficient information about environmental which differ as present.According to Hofstedes demission of cultural value Asia countries have high uncertainty avoidance. Uncertainty avoidance refers to uncertainty acceptance culture. In high uncertainty avoidance culture people tend to avoid the risk, change in their life that lead to the social risk of trying a new product is genuinely high (Fan ,2009)Although, many studies examine the factor influencing Thai women behaviour in green cosmetic market, it is surprising that many studies did not use culture factor to measure in their studies (Prapakamol, 2001 Namsanguan, 2007, Chaisittiroj, 2007). As it can be seen from review that culture is significant factor that influence buying behaviour. , this research cannot overlook culture factor. This research will investigate the confident(p) relationship between culture and buying behaviour in green cosmetic market in Thailand.H1. Culture is significant factor influence Thai women to buy green cosmetic2.4.2 Group and reference groupThere are many theories stated that consumer behaviour is reinforced from social group. This is evident that the social group can influence consumer behaviour by group which each consumer belong (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). Chen (2007) mentioned that people perform a behaviour that is related to people in their life (eg, family, friend, and other). Schutte and Ciarlante (1999) claimed that family is the fundamenta l group in Asia people life because family is the first place that giving experience of life. Family will transfer the traditional and the building block of a harmonious society. for example, if green cosmetic are believed as a good product from people in their family, the consumer will have high intention of buying green cosmetic, whereas if member of consumers family think that green cosmetic is not good, consumer will not buy green cosmetic (chen, 2007) Moreover, Fan (2009) said that Asians always follow the crowed in the consumption because Asians are collectivism that always interdependent on each other and the way they act follow and believe the group than individual. In other word, if green cosmetic is the popular product in Thailand and chemical one is rejected, Thai women will purchase green cosmetic instead chemical one.However, it is also important to reach the opinion of leader group to find out the characteristic which influence other member so as to easily access other member (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). The study of Summers (1970) found that the opinion leader in cosmetic product is influence consumer behaviour. In USA opinion leader are younger, high educated. Similarly, opinion leader in Hungary are younger, high educated and they have been to westward Europe or the USA in recent year. Although their finding found that leader group characteristic is similar, there is a small difference that might cause from demographic (Coulter, Feick and Price, 2002).Furthermore, Brassington and Pettitt (2006) added that environmental friendly trends are quickly spread from reference group, peer-group or social group, and they affect on their member buying decision. Strong (1998) examined that in green market, children are significant key that influence on family buying decision because children are important source in family that can encourage or discourage buying power. Furthermore, Lee (2008) claimed that green consumption is a form of symbolic consumpti on. Therefore, there is possible that people will buy green product in order to be accepted from group.As green cosmetic products are quite new topic in this area that no enough guidance. However, Cosmetics are fashionable product and green products are acknowledged as environmental friendly in Thailand. There is a possible that group, opinion leader are significant factor that motivate Thai consumer when buying green cosmetic.H2. Social group is significant factor that influence Thai women to buy green cosmetic.2.4.3 StatusSolomon et al (2006) said that the product or services we purchase often will represent to other people know what our social class. Therefore, consumer behaviour always is influenced with this aspect because consumer the products as status symbols. Status also display to education and income, for example, wearing high price suits can display the individuals superior or career position. Similarly, Fan (2009) said that Asian people are the most status-conscious in the world. The important of status makes it imperative to project the right image, which commonly means up-market and prestigious(Schutte, 2010,p.658).To be accepted from social Asians will buy product that express status, normally expensive product. Although, products display status, it does not mean that social class can influence all kind of product. Chao and Schor (1998) claimed that social visibility is a key of status consumption. Status will be important when consumers purchase only the products are always showed to public view. In cosmetic products, they found that women buy expensive lipstick and do not care about relationship between price and quality because women only want to show their status though lipstick brand which normally women carry lipstick with them everywhere ,while facial unsullied are sensed as non-visible product because consumer keep it at home. When they buy they always consider about relationship price and quality. In contrast, the study of pungpump ut and ngamsanguan (2000) in buying cosmetic behaviour in Thai students shows that the relationship between price and quality is a significant factor influence student buying decision and they did not mentioned about relationship between status and buying behaviour. It cannot be summarised that status is not influence factor when Thai women buy green cosmetic. Therefore, this research will find out that status have positive relationship with buying green cosmetic product or not.H3. Status has positive relationship with buying green cosmetic behaviour.2.4.4 AttitudesAttitudes refer to peoples feeling, tendencies, evaluation toward the object, idea or concept. People actions and learning are affected from attitude. In the other word, attitudes affect consumer behaviour (Kotler and Armstrong 2004 Ouwersloot and Duncan 2008 Pickett and Ozaki, 2008). That is reason why many marketers try to change consumer attitude. However, it is not always that attitude become behaviour. Sometimes posi tive attitude cannot generate the behaviour, for example, consumer want to buy green cosmetic but she may not have money to buy because green cosmetic is more expensive than chemical one (Pickton and Broderick, 2005).In terms of negative attitude, it cannot automatically stop a purchase as can see from example of cigarette smoking. The behaviour will be occurred, if strong attitude overcome negative aspect. It can be said that if the importance of purchase is high, the importance of attitude toward product will be high. Attitude will less influence in case the purchase is a part of habit or routine (Pickton and Broderick, 2005).Kotler et al (2004) mentioned that attitudes are difficult to change, therefore, company should try not to change consumer attitude but the companies should design the pass on about their product or service which is suitable to their attitude. Pickett and Ozaki, 2008 argued that marketer can change consumers attitude by adapt consumer evaluation through inpu tting new belief.2.4.4.1 Environmental attitudesFisgbein and Ajzen mentioned that attitude is one significant aspect that creates behaviour. Environmentally friendly attitude causes eco-behaviour such as purchase green product this can confirm from many studies (Kim et al., 2005 Chen, 2007). Kim et al (2005) found that the environmental attitude or concern directly influence on green purchase behaviour, explaining that consumer who has strong environmental attitude concern will interest in the product that connect to their concern. Chen (2007, p.1016) also examined that consumers attitude to organic foods purchase is in turn positively. However, Barr and Gilg (2007) found that people who have environmental attitude tend to do green activities (recycle, reuse) rather than purchasing green product. Similarly, Peattie (1999) said that green consumer seek for alternative purchase behaviour such as borrow or repair instead of purchasing.In contrast, Baker and Ozaki (2008) claimed that be lief shaped attitudes toward behaviour that become to behaviour intention. However, their finding showed that environmental attitudes are not important factor that generate environmental behaviour. They explained that actual behaviour is not necessary occur from what they think is good because consumer might consider other factor such as subjective -interests.Baker and Ozaki (2008) added that providing green information is less effective on consumer attitude than educate them. It indicates that environment education is significant key that influence consumers attitude. Marketers should concern this point in order to choose the best way that affect on consumers attitude.Although some studies said attitudes have negative relationship with behaviour, there is study in cosmetic area. Therefore, this research will investigate that positive attitude toward environmental can influence Thai women buying green cosmetic.H4. Environmental attitudes are a significant factor influence Thai women buying green cosmetics.2.4.5 PerceptionPerception is the way in which individuals analyse, interpret and make sense of incoming information, and is affected by personality, experience and mood (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006, p.118). Consumers always make decision or behave base on their point of view or experience (Peattie, 2002). The term of perception in marketing is consumers view toward to product, services, package, smell, taste, message or company. Perceptions will be differently modified by individual interpretation and that influence on decision making process. Even the same individual might have perception varies in different times.2.4.5.1 Brand perceptionCreating brand awareness or placing information into consumer mind is important to consumer perception because it can be linked to brand image of company (Lancaster,Massingham and Ashford 2002). Especially, Strong brand name can influence consumer perceptions. It causes people feel familiar with brand and then purchase t he products. Once consumers are satisfied the product, the brand will be on the top of consumer mind. This make consumers become loyal consumer and continue to purchase the products. For example, Wu (2003) stated that consumer do not stop purchasing current brand and change to environmental alternative brand. Ouwersloot and Duncan (2008) added that loyal consumer always communicate positively about company and brand to other consumers. It is called word-of- mouth. Pickett and Ozaki, (2008) stated that word of mouth is valuable tool that influence on consumer perception rather than other tool such as sale promotion.The finding of Pickett and Ozaki (2008) illustrates that some consumer trusted certain brand than other. This is showed that brand affect on consumer perception that transfer to emotional preference.Wu and Lo (2008) study the influence of core-brand attitude and consumer perception on purchase intention towards extended product found that consumer perception can increase c onsumers purchase intention. They experienced that brand awareness and product perception lead to purchase intention while Yam Ting and Chans study (1998) found that no strong relationship between green purchase behaviour and self- perception. They explained that this is because (1) consumers have gap between attitude and behaviour and (2) respondents do not perceive that purchase behaviour can improve environmental condition.2.4.5.2 collective social responsibility perceptionCorporate social responsibility activities are the way to create consumer positive perception. West, Ford, Ibrahim (2006,p434) said that CSR is the actions of the company to act in a socially responsible manner to protect and enhance the various stakeholders that have an interest in company, the confederacy in which it operate, the environment which surrounds it, and society. According to MORIs research (2003) found that 74% of British people accept that behaviour of company on social responsible would affect their buying decision ,and 86% suggest that community activities should be actively announced- 59% said it is grateful to see company profit from social activities.. The performance of CSR leads to good brand image and productivity and profitableness in long time (CSR of British government, 2010).When consumers perceive the information about evidence of firm. They decode the message into 2 types of motive to the firm-self serving (to enhance profits, sale, brand image) or public serving (help people or develop society) that it can be called as profit-motivated or socially motivated respectively. The attribution is fundamental of perceived motivation affect consumers judgement on firm. Once consumers perceive the firm action as self-profit, the positive attitude on firm will be reduced. On the other hand ,if the firm is perceived as socially motivated, the positive attitude on firm will be increased (Olsen et al.,2005).From the review, it can be concluded that consumer perception e ither brand perception or CSR perception can generate buying behaviour. However, there is no evident that perception cause Thai women buying behaviour in green cosmetic product. This research will examine that there is positive relationship between perception and buying green cosmetic behaviour.H5. Brand perception is a significant factor influencing Thai women buying green cosmetics.H6. CSR perception is a significant factor influencing Thai women buying green cosmetics.

Quantitative And Qualitative Research Techniques And Procedures Psychology Essay

denary And Qualitative Re look for Techniques And Procedures Psychology EssayThe term enquiry is ordinarily utilise interchangeably with investigate, contract, explore examine and fuddle inquiries of a particular(prenominal) topic. In general terms, query can be defined as the gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of intimacy. The Princeton University wordnetweb published some interesting definitions of seek includingAttempt to construe out in a systematic eithery and scientific mannerSystematic investigation to establish factsinquire into or a search for knowledgeIn the scientific and academic terms however, the earthy use of the team tends to refer to the definition of research in a scientific stage setting where it is utilise to mean performing a orderical study in order to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question. This scientific perceptiveness and application of research assumes a research process which involves manipulation of the v ariables in general with exceptional of process that use case studies and subtile observational science for which this generalization does not always hold true.Research methods be technique(s) for gathering data (Harding, 1986) and argon generally dichotomized into be either numerical or soft. It has been argued that methodology has been gendered (Oakley, 1998), with quantifiable methods traditionally being associated with words such as positivism, scientific, objectivity, statistics and masculinity. In contrast, qualitative methods have generally been associated with interpretive, non-scientific, thingivity and femininity.C. R. Kothari categories research methods into trinity main types depending on purpose, area of direction and research go oni. Depending on its purpose, research is said to be exploratory research which is overly divided into both subtypes of descriptive and analytical research. This type of research is purposed to and structured to identify new proble ms or relationships between phenomena. Thus, it is aimed at describing the state of affairs as it exists and it is usually through through come after to get new facts which are analyse to find new connectionsii. Based on the focus and the result of the research process, we do find the Constructive research also known as applied research. This type of research is used to develop solutions to practical problem at hand. In this cor doing category, there is Empirical research through which researchers tests the feasibility of a solution using observed dataiii. Based on the approach, research can also be categorized as qualitative or quantitative. This categorization is based on the research methods used. The choice between the two is based on the properties of the subject matter and or the objective of the research. (C. R. Kothari 2004). Those two are the most comm merely used categorisations and form the main schools of thought in research. Although they are commonly used together i n complex research processes, the merits of one of over the other hotly debated especially in the field of social science research.Due to the screen background and space limitation, I do not intend to cover the entire field of scientific research. The reminder of this paper provide therefore focus on the examination of these two methods in iii above Looking their key characteristics, date collection and compendium methods, and identifying the respective advantages and disadvantages, validity level and the discussing the contemporary public utility on the two methods in the research process.Quantitative Research Techniques and ProceduresQualitative analysis is a process that is often the precursor to quantitative, statistical work a process to make the tacit underpinnings of an issue explicit a process you can use to deepen your understanding of complex social and human factors that cannot be understood with numbers a process that fosters you figure out what to count and what to measure (Kerlin, 1999, p. 1).Some of the common methods of carrying out quantitative research are surveys and observations. Surveys are commonly carried out either the respondent or the researcher filling in questionnaires. While observational research involves the research watching or spy various behaviors and patterns. Mary other different kinds of quantitative research methods are used besides the surveys and observations. More complicated forms of quantitative research are data-based research or mathematical modelling research (Peter J.P. Donnelly J.H, 2000).In the social sciences, quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The process will involve the development and use of the different mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena to measure empirical observation and mathematical expression that evidence the quantitative relationships.Although this resear ch approach is commonly used in the social sciences such as psychology, sociology and anthropology, quantitative research mathematical sciences such as physics is also quantitative by definition, though this use of the term differs in context. In the social sciences, the term relates to empirical methods, originating in both philosophical positivism and the history of statistics, which contrast qualitative research methods. (http//en.wikipedia.org)One of the key characteristic of quantitative research is that it Involves analysis of data like numerical date, word, pictures and objects. (Miles Huberman (1994)Qualitative Research Techniques and ProceduresQualitative research is a generic term for investigative methodologies described as ethnographic, naturalistic, anthropological, field, or participant observer research. It emphasizes the importance of looking at variables in the natural setting in which they are found. Interaction between variables is important. Detailed data is gat hered through open ended questions that provide direct quotations. The interviewer is an integral part of the investigation (Jacob, 1988). This differs from quantitative research which try ons to gather data by objective methods to provide information near relations, comparisons, and predictions and attempts to remove the investigator from the investigation (Smith, 1983).According to Andrew (2007), qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and make headway contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision devising, not just what, where, when. Hence, littler but focused samples are more often fatalityed, rather than large samples.According to Andrew (2007), qualitative research is used to denote approaches which a re supported by a set of hypotheses concerning the way the social gentlemans gentleman functions. It deduces many of its basic principles from the perspective that there are fundamental differences between the science of human world and science of natural world and consequently needs to use distinctive methods. Here, attention is focused upon looking at the world through the eyes of analyse objects and upon evolving concepts and theories which are grounded in the collecting data. So, qualitative research connected with own accounts of the individuals of their attitudes and behavior. The significance of qualitative research consists in setting stress on describing, understanding complex phenomena. It investigates, for instance, the relationships and patterns among factors or the context in which the activity happens. It is concentrated on understanding the full many-dimensional picture of the subject of investigation.Qualitative methods produce information only on the particular ca ses studied, and any more general conclusions are only hypotheses (informative guesses). Qualitative research is aimed at deepening our understanding about phenomenon, and will usually involve going beyond surface analysis of numbers and the statistics to the deeper meaning behind story being told by the numbers. It aims to gives the reasons and establishes causal relationships.It is often contrasted to quantitative research which focuses on the quantitative elements of phenomena. In practice however, the two methods are often used together to get to the bigger picture.Face-to-Face Interviews and Focus GroupsThe most common forms of qualitative research are face-to-face interviews and focus groups. Face-to-face interviews are just that Meeting individual in person and discussing various issues. The informant or person you are interviewing may be an expert in a particular field (e.g. the editor of a newspaper) or they may be someone who is affected by the issues you are researchin g (e.g. someone who is HIV positive or who reads the media).Focus groups involve discussions with two or more participants. While questions for focus groups need to be prepared to guide and focus the discussions, the responses are often free-ranging, as the participants are encouraged to explore the issues at hand in an in-depth way.While focus groups and interviews will help you develop explanations for quantitative data, some meters they can provide you with quantitative data themselvesBasic Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research TechniquesQuantitative and qualitative research methods differ primarily intheir analytical objectivesthe types of questions they posethe types of data collection instruments they usethe forms of data they producethe degree of flexibility strengthened into study designThe key difference between quantitative and qualitative methods is their flexibility. Generally, quantitative methods are fairly inflexible. With quantitative methods su ch as surveys and questionnaires, for example, researchers ask all participants identical questions in the alike(p) order. The response categories from which participants may choose are closed-ended or fixed. The advantage of this inflexibility is that it allows for meaningful comparison of responses across participants and study sites. However, it requires a thorough understanding of the important questions to ask, the best way to ask them, and the range of feasible responses.Qualitative methods are typically more flexible that is, they allow greater spontaneity and adaptation of the interaction between the researcher and the study participant. For example, qualitative methods ask mostly open-ended questions that are not necessarily worded in just the same way with each participant. With open-ended questions, participants are free to respond in their own words, and these responses tend to be more complex than simply yes or no.In addition, with qualitative methods, the relationsh ip between the researcher and the participant is often less formal than in quantitative research. Participants have the opportunity to respond more elaborately and in greater detail than is typically the case with quantitative methods. In turn, researchers have the opportunity to respond immediately to what participants say by tailoring subsequent questions to information the participant has provided. Merriam (1988) provided a basis for differentiating qualitative and quantitative research techniques based on their characteristics.Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Research stain of ComparisonsQualitative ResearchQuantitative ResearchFocus of researchQuality (nature, essence)Quantity (how much, how many)Philosophical rootsPhenomenology, symbolic interactionPositivism, logical empiricismAssociated phrasesFieldwork, ethnographic, naturalistic, grounded, inherentExperimental, empirical, statisticalGoal of investigationUnderstanding, description, discovery, hypothesis gene ratingPrediction, control, description, confirmation, hypothesis testingDesign characteristicsFlexible, evolving, emergentPredetermined, structuredSettingNatural, familiarUnfamiliar, artificialSampleSmall, non-random, theoreticalLarge, random, voiceData collectionResearcher as primary instrument, interviews, observationsInanimate instruments (scales, tests, surveys, questionnaires, computers)Mode of analysisInductive (by researcher)Deductive (by statistical methods)FindingsComprehensive, holistic, expansivePrecise, narrow, reductionistHowever, there is a range of flexibility among methods used in both quantitative and qualitative research and that flexibility is not an indication of how scientifically rigorous a method is. Rather, the degree of flexibility reflects the kind of understanding of the problem that is being pursued using the method.Merits of Quantitative AnalysisThe use of surveys permit a researcher to study more variables at one time than is typically come-at-able in laboratory or field experiments, whilst data can be collected about real world environments.The usefulness of a survey is that the information you get is standardized because each respondent the person who fills out the questionnaire is answering the exact same questions. Once you have enough responses to your questionnaire, you can then put the data together and analyze it in a way that answers your research question or what it is you want to know.Since case studies follow a structured format, different situations can be compared or analyzed comparatively. Case studies are typically short (often no more than 5 pages long) and usually only contain the essential information needed to present a situation and, if necessary, to describe and properly analyze a problem.Quantitative data can determine when students have achieved or failed a task, and they can provide national ranking, percentiles, and allow researchers to conduct comparison analyses. Nevertheless, they cannot provide t he append picture of why a particular student has either succeeded or failed (Burnaford et al., 2001 Gall et al., 1996 and Mc Bride Schostak, 2000).In quantitative research, the researcher neither participates in nor influences what isbeing studied thus, he/she examines the circumstances objectively. In some qualitative research, the researcher may play a more subjective role and participate by being immersed in his/her research. That is, the observer may be the teacher or the facilitator. This role is often the case with when action research, case studies, and focus groups are used in educational research.Advantages of surveysGood for comparative analysis. keep get lots of data in a relatively short space of time.Can be cost-effective (if you use the Internet, for example).Can take less time for respondents to complete (compared to an interview or focus group)Specific concrete exampleCan help with problem solvingAre often interesting to read.Demerits of Quantitative AnalysisA key weakness of quantitative analysis is that it is very difficult to body forth insights relating to the causes of or processes involved in the phenomena measured. There are, in addition, several sources of bias such as the possibly self-selecting nature of respondents, the point in time when the survey is conducted and in the researcher him/herself through the design of the survey itself.It could be argued that the quantitative researcher is more precise, but theresponse would be that with people it is not possible to be so precise,people change and the social situation is too complex for numericaldescription. Quantitative research has a tendency to clarify where glade is not appropriate. (Mc Bride Schostak, 2000, pp. 1-2)Disadvantages of SurveysResponses may not be specific.Questions may be misinterpreted.May not get as many responses as you need.Dont get full story.Can take time to developDepending on format, may need some level of good writing skillsDo not usually give commodiou s overview of issue at hand.Merits of Qualitative TechniquesThe approaches of the qualitative research differ from the methods of the quantitative research. Quantitative methods have their aim in dividing into clearly defined parts, or variables. When we research an issue which we know how to quantify, for example, what can be quantified for sure, we may leave out the factors which are crucial to the real understanding of the phenomena under study (Andrew, 2007).Qualitative methods are helpful not only in giving rich explanations of complex phenomena, but in creating or evolving theories or conceptual bases, and in proposing hypotheses to clarify the phenomena. Besides, rank of the qualitative research consists in validity of the information received people are minutely interviewed so as the obtained data would be taken as correct and believable reports of their opinions and experiences. Its major disadvantage is that small group of interviewed individuals can not be taken as repre sentative (Andrew, 2007).Case studies involve an attempt to describe relationships that exist in reality, very often in a single organization. Case studies may be positivist or interpretivist in nature, depending on the approach of the researcher, the data collected and the analytical techniques employed. Reality can be captured in greater detail by an observer-researcher, with the analysis of more variables than is typically possible in experimental and survey research.Another type of qualitative analysis is site let downs. Site visits help you understand your research better site visits (e.g. when you visit an organization, a manufacturing plant, a clinic or a housing project) are very useful and sometimes even necessary ways of gaining additional insight and making your theoretical information concrete in your mind. They allow you to observe what is going on, and to ask questions you may not have thought about.Qualitative research has a phenomenological focus that can provide an enriched anddetailed description of the participants actions and/or viewpoints (Veronesi, 1997).Advantages of Face-to-Face InterviewsCan allow for in-depth knowledge sharingHelps to develop the bigger pictureHelps with analysis of resultsGood for networking (e.g. you may be referred to other people to interview).Advantages of Focus GroupsGood for community participation (grassroots input)Helpful in developing ideas and sharing latent, or hidden, knowledge spontaneouslyEnables you to get information from a number of individuals simultaneously.Advantages of Site Visits and ObservationDemerits of Qualitative AnalysisCase studies can be considered weak as they are typically restricted to a single organization and it is difficult to generalize findings since it is hard to find similar cases with similar data that can be analyzed in a statistically meaningful way.Disadvantages of Face-to-Face InterviewsCan be time consumingMay be difficult to arrange an interview timeCan be difficult to compare and analyze information.Disadvantages of Focus GroupsCan be difficult to set upParticipants may need to be compensableNeed to be sensitive to who the facilitator isMay need a translatorSometimes difficult to organize and analyze information.Disadvantages of Site Visits and ObservationTake timeCan be expensive (depending how far you need to travel)With observation in particular, you need to be careful how you interpret what you see. With site visits, you may want to make sure you have a guide so that you can ask questionsHowever, the disadvantage of the quantitative as well as qualitative research is that they do not always underpin understanding of multi-dimensional pictures (Andrew, 2007).

Is Globalization A New Phenomenon?

Is globalization A New Phenomenon?Globalization is a very complex overt matter that ignites numerous heated debates among geographers, researchers and the general public alike. Although it may be interlinked with many phrases such as homo(a) interconnectedness an attempt to define this in one reprove would be futile, as flush with much discussion the diversity of aspects that this term encompasses is too wide of a spectrum for anyone to come to a single conclusion. There are many concepts of sphericisation and as Aart-Scholte (2005) has clearly attested most existing analysis of globalization is flawed due to redundant concepts interlinked to the idea. Universalization represents the most general sentry of globalization, where the exposure of foreign ideals and cultures worldwide blur the boundaries separating farmings and diminishes a nations very uniqueness. Inter home(a)ization, liberalization and westernization are also concepts commonly linked to globalization, which deal with the more(prenominal) social, economical and governmental impacts of this process. As the subject matter in question revolves more around the economic and governmental power of globalization much more emphasis testament be nucleated within these boundaries.The age-old question many authors seem to dispute active is the history of globalization. Is globalization a new phenomenon? Authors who affiliate globalization to internationalization and liberalization find this process to be one that had lingered since the early colonialist eras. Zevin (1992), Wade (1996), Hirst Thompson (1999), ORourke Williamson (1999) through research have obtained circumstantial evidence that levels of trade, migration and investment between countries were already prominent in the late 19th blow. Hence making their point that there is nonhing new in contemporary globalism much more convincing. On the contrary other authors find that global relations only bloomed after advances in technolo gy that simplifies the accessibility of people and the media across great distances with proficient innovations such as the invention of the jet aeroplane and computer network, with what has been deemed the first global revolution and new realities by authors such as Drucker (1989) and King Schneider (1991). to a greater extent realistically, I find the points brought up by authors like Roland Roberts (1994) to be much more compelling as the idea that globalization begun with what has been said to be a germination phase in the 15th to the mid(prenominal) 18th century and inevitably take off within the period of the mid 19th century makes perfect sense. At this point in time the globalization rate is astounding, where stagees such as Walmart, Sony and even Tesco are branching out from their mother countries to nation states. As these massive corporations are starting to dominate the more politically and socially submissive smaller areas the economic control lays in the hand of th ese multi national corporations. Further debate can bring the conclusion either way, whether it may benefit the nation states with job opportunities and exposure to modern technology, yet the idea of exploitation must always weigh heavily in the back of ones mind. As economic benefit will undoubtedly seep from the nation states to where the main branch may be located.The statist mode of governance was greatly practiced before the boom of globalization. When globalization began to broaden its scale this diminished what utilize to be a more independent form of governance. As not only were most nation states dominated by polycentric regulations they were also given the opportunity to engage overseas, countries they may not have been able to connect with before. The suprastates and global law may have a certain amount of control over the smaller areas however with the phylogenesis of global currencies, even the most powerful state has no authority over money supplies and exchange ra tes.International relations theorists discuss what was called the Westphalian mould, brought about in the 1600s. The peace of Westphalia formalized the modern concept of a system of sovereign states. With this sovereignty, much like colonialism, each state would exercise and dominate their territorial reserve jurisdiction. Due to accelerated globalization the Westphalian practices had fallen into disuse. Large-scale globality made it impossible for statist constructions of sovereignity to keep its governance over the designated territorial space. Again as mentioned before, the government is otiose to keep track with the electronic money transfers and documented workers in a world of rapidly developing technology.One of many problems afflicting the world today is poverty. realism Bank figures (2001) regarding the population that live on less than the equivalent of $1 per day dropped from 1.4 billion persons in 1980 to 1.2 billion in 2001. Critics though have argued that the methodo logies used in these calculations have changed over this period, so the figures cannot be safely compared (Wade, 2002). Global trade better the situation of poverty as NICs increase exports of global goods and services. For instance China tripled between the years of 1978 and 1993 with the opening up of global commerce. This is not always the case as very few countries reach NIC status and global trade rules as well as global financial crises bring dreadful impacts to the poor people. According to Coote (1996) primary commodities have poorer countries relying on exports yet even with an increase in globalization there was a steady decrease in profit from trade in the 1970s. World prices of primary commodities in mid 1990s stood at its lowest level since 1930s (ul Haq et al. 199529). It is clear that the problem of poverty even with the promises that come with globalization, for instance job employment and the growth of industry, has not been completely been eradicated.There are man y concerns that globalization has made its impact upon. One of which being crime. Globalization creates more opportunities to combat crime. Advanced technology increases the cogency of surveillance and counter terror units hence theoretically making the crime rate decrease. However, looking at it in a different perspective globalization provide criminals with primal tools to commit unlawful acts as does networking, introduced with globalization, strengthen the bond of powerful criminal organizations. Money laundering now stands at levels equivalent to 2-5 per cent of the world GDP per annum (FATF, 2004)Peace on the opposite end of the spectrum is also heavily affected by globalization. Global connectivity introduces disincentives for war among OEDC states. The signing of the nuclear nonproliferation treaty regime, established in 1968 through the IAEA, discouraged the spread of nuclear weapons to more state arsenals. This treaty, however unsuccessful, was an attempt to control the arms rate of which global governance makes more manageable. Global reach, however, can send military interventions from north to south with ease. The advances in technology also help raise the destructive capacities of war. As mentioned before having media so easily accessible the profile of terrorist politics will be greatly highlighted hence leading to feelings of uncertainty and insecurity amongst the general public. companionable cohesion is an important point of interest within the field of globalization. Neoliberalism exploits the social relation and looks at it as a competition for a place in the global marketplaceplace. Which leads to a lack of cooperation and no collective interest. However a guaranteed state-nation-country- purchase order-unit built up with large-scale growth of global spaces makes this very cohesion unfeasible. Globalization though maybe advantageous to the uprising of social cohesion may cause the complete opposite. As brought up by Scholte (2004) of ho w the global civil society has often undermined rather than forward social integration. Global relations may lead to a lack of intimacy as technological advances would promote blade conferences and personal meetings would but be a thing of the past. Companies hold on to limited long-term commitments and workers have restricted opportunities locally before the labor market calls them.Ecology plays a major role in the topic of globalization as the relationship between humans and the environment is just as important as the relationship between nations. Nature is highly unpredictable and with technology linked to globalization prediction of natural disasters is possible with satellite surveillance and digital processing. Having advanced media coverage can reduce the disastrous outcome of a natural disaster and also raise awareness for aid across nations. abbreviate Haiti for example, a highly telecasted disaster of which media is playing a large role for relief, the Hope for Haiti ben efit. There is also a downfall to the advancements of technology as contaminant is generally the outcome of new innovations. For instance, aeroplanes and motorships pose great threats to the sea and air with the amount of waste it produces. Also as globalization has successfully made the world smaller with advancements in the transport system, some companies mainly those that produce highly toxic waste products, have gone global in part to move at sites where environmental regulations are less stringent (Heerings and Zeldenrust, 1995). Hence foreshadowing a slowly deteriorating environment.As globalization is a particularly broad subject matter it is difficult to restrain myself into a certain parameter. The process of globalization touches on most aspects of human geography, as it affects not only the social and political aspects of a country and its relationship with the world, but also environmental issues. There is no way in halting this process, as it is one for inevitable de velopment hence supervision is key to determine positive results.Total 1521 words

Real Face Of Terrorism :: essays research papers

Terrorism in the Websters New American Dictionary is defined as the systematic use of intense fright as a elbow room of coercion. In this day and age, the term terrorism is more than reasonable the use of intense fear as a means of coercion but includes the use of terrorism as a means of avenge and pure sport and also as a means of suppression. composition the dictionaries definitions says that it is the use coercion to promote certain ideologies, some of the most cleverly hidden terrorism today is the terrorism used to suppress some ideologies or certain ethnic groups or societies. The popular image of terrorism is of extremist groups trying to rebel or promote their ideologies by blowing up airplanes, buses, government buildings, or taking hostages. By defining terrorism thoroughly, we can begin to look at what terrorism is really about. The use of terror is usually a appliance to promote ideologies according to the dictionary but what about the use of terror for revenge? Af ter the Serb withdrawal from Kosovo this past month, there was a rash of terrorist acts move by Albanians against Serbs. The Serb civilian population of Kosovo was not a threat to the Albanians but the violence against them was not one of coercion but of revenge. The hostage crisis at the American embassy in Teheran twenty years ago was another example of terrorism based on revenge. While that incident involved the political floor of the revolution in Iran and the authorities used it to promote their Islamic ideology, those that carried out the hostage crisis took over the embassy in a fit of rage and under the euphoria of anger against anything American. They had already achieved their goal, which was to rid the American backed Shah who ruled the country with terror the hostage crisis was merely an outburst of revenge against the west. Terrorism is not just coercion, but it also revenge. The use of terror to punish the victim and remind them of what the enactor of the terror had felt. There are other examples of terrorism that fit under revenge but those are a combination of revenge and political or social coercion. Revenge motivated extremist groups with political or social coercion are well publicized but how are their actions different from that of states? The terrorism that comes to mind is of the PLO hijacking Israeli airplanes or Ben Laden bombing the American embassies in Africa.

The Tempest Essay -- essays research papers

Explain how Ariel and Caliban lot as character foils for each other. Be positive(predicate) to consider their physical appearance and their roles as servants to Prospero.     In the world of The Tempest , Ariel, the airy spirit, and Caliban, the earthy monster, can be described as character foils. strange and contrasted as they ar, they have some traits in common. They both have an aversion to labor and a longing for liberty. Also, they have a primitive sense of humor, a fondness for tricks and pranks, and a spontaneous and unsophisticated love of nature. Furthermore, deeper inside them, one has a fear of a higher power and the other a hunger for affection and approbation. Thus, the contrast between them is heightened.     Ariel and Caliban symbolize, respectively, pure language and pure body. The name of Prosperos language is Ariel, who symbolizes his word in action, the precise fulfillment of his desires, who operates as an extension of Prosperos body. In a way, Prospero, through his creative word, Ariel, can be seen as being omnipresent. However, Ariel chafes under his masters control, desiring a liberty that would ironic in ally reduce him to nothingness, dispersing him into thin air.Caliban, the son of the evil-minded witch Sycorax, is the perfect brute, who would be petted and patted, given food and drink, and taught to speak. Caliban learns language only to turn it against itself. He becomes vindictive and rewards his masters, Prospero, efforts with curses. His developed consciousness leads him into deeper enslavement, inducing him to overeach his limits by attempting to finish up his lord. Earlier, he became rebellious and attempted to "violate" his masters daughter, the innocent, pure Miranda. He later, after getting drunk, turns on Prospero and professes his loyalty to Stephano.In conclusion, Ariel is considered to be beyond humanity at the spiritual end of the scale and Caliban is beneath humani ty at the animal end of the scale. In addition, Ariel rides "on the curld clouds" and Caliban liveson "this hard rock." Caliban and Ariel exist at opposite sides of the spectrum and because of this, they are characters foils to each other.           3 Describe Miranda. How is she a product of "nurturre rather than "nature"... ...e all his faults in his earlier life. He uses magic to make things better and repay all his problems. In a way, magic is his way of getting around what he cant figure out himself. But now he has come to give that if he wants to retain his Dukedom he needs to give up his magic and live a normal life as the Duke of Milan. Magic figure out his problems for him once in his life, but now he realizes that a good Duke would face the problems just as everyone else does.      In his last line of the play, Prospero says " Ill deliver all and promise you calm seas, auspiciou s gales, and sail so expeditious that shall catch your royal fleet far take out." He then continues to give Ariel his send off of freedom. What he means in this last line of the play is that he is now going to leave this island, but before he does this he wants to compensate all ties with those who are there. Next, he renounces his magic as he realizes that he is a new man with new responsibilities. He is off to be the Duke of Milan and serve as a trustworthy and honest Duke, one which all can live under and abide by fairly. He has his Dukedom back, he feels as though he no longer needs his magic.